Udlphbb - 2021. 216. AVAILABILITY. Available Stock. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is the best way to teach all students effectively and break down barriers to learning—but how can busy teachers get started with UDL right now? Find the answers in the second edition of this bestselling, teacher-trusted primer, created by internationally recognized ...

 
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a people-first design framework that guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of each and every ākonga. When we use UDL, we anticipate barriers to learning in the design of the environment, and plan in a range of useful supports, options and tools so each ākonga can select ... . Kuuma vapor fire 100 price

The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine.Universal Design for Learning’s (UDL) concept first originated in the field of architecture in which buildings were universally designed (e.g., providing ramps, elevators, or automatic doors) to be accessible by people with disabilities.CAST offers many opportunities for educators at all levels—and their organizations—to build their understanding and practice of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), accessibility, and professional development. We also have several long term projects related to educator and instructor professional learning and its impacts on teaching and ...Universal Design for Learning’s (UDL) concept first originated in the field of architecture in which buildings were universally designed (e.g., providing ramps, elevators, or automatic doors) to be accessible by people with disabilities.Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn, including Students with Disabilities. UDL aims to improve the educational experience of all students by introducing more flexible methods of teaching, assessment and service provision to cater for the ... Here is a reminder of their contact details: Dr Neil Pawlyn – [email protected]. Alison Simpson – [email protected]. Tom Baker – [email protected]. Dr Nick Burton – [email protected]. Ian Byworth – [email protected]. Mark Davies – [email protected]. Alan Fiddes – [email protected]. Karen Fraser – [email protected] reviewed by Brittney Newcomer, MS, NCSP. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework developed by CAST, an Understood founding partner. UDL guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of all learners. When you use UDL, you assume that barriers to learning are in the design of the environment, not in the ... Self-reflect on your practice using the discussion prompts, which are found within the videos and in this Playbook. Brainstorm action-steps you can take to makeUniversal design for learning is unique because it requires teachers to think about the brain in a new way. A UDL-based curriculum would include lessons designed for all eight intelligences, based on Howard Gardner's research on multiple intelligences: Interpersonal. Logical-Mathematical. Linguistic.The American Disabilities Act prompted rethinking about architectural design for disabled individuals. (Curb cuts, automatic doors) The concept ofHere are just a few examples of how UDL can work in a classroom. 1. Posted lesson goals. Having goals helps students know what they’re working to achieve. That’s why goals are always made apparent in a UDL classroom. One example of this is posting goals for specific lessons in the classroom.Representation. Learners differ in the ways that they perceive and comprehend information that is presented to them. For example, those with sensory disabilities (e.g., blindness or deafness); learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia); language or cultural differences, and so forth may all require different ways of approaching content.Here is a reminder of their contact details: Dr Neil Pawlyn – [email protected]. Alison Simpson – [email protected]. Tom Baker – [email protected]. Dr Nick Burton – [email protected]. Ian Byworth – [email protected]. Mark Davies – [email protected]. Alan Fiddes – [email protected]. Karen Fraser – [email protected] contrast, UDL is a framework for the teacher to proactively customize/create the lesson for the broadest range of students from the beginning. In other words, UDL proactively evaluates the classroom instruction and environment and provides access to the content on the front end; DI reactively evaluates individual students and retrofits and ...Wednesday, February 17, 2016. This past December, Congress passed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which replaces No Child Left Behind. And for the first time, the nation’s general K-12 education law defines and endorses Universal Design for Learning. As CAST’s friends at the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS) point out—.Universal Design for Learning Guidelines. The UDL Guidelines are a tool used in the implementation of Universal Design for Learning. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities. Affective networks: provide multiple means of engagement. The affective network is a critical component of the three guiding principles as it is concerned with how learners emotionally respond to and engage with subject material and knowledge (Hitchcock et al., Citation 2002).Sep 10, 2018 · Technology. UDL Practice. Digital Accessibility Standard. Current Law. Recommendations. Lecture-capture recordings. Encourage faculty to record lectures so that diverse learners can review lecture content. Embracing the following four beliefs is the first step in designing learning experiences that serve all students. 1. All students can reach the high expectations we set. When we set firm goals for all students, we’re sending the message that we believe they’re capable. We start by clearly identifying the goals we’re focusing on.UDL has three main principles: Offer kids information in multiple ways, like text, audio or video, or some combination, to make sure they understand. Let kids show what they know in multiple ways, since kids express themselves differently. Find multiple ways to engage kids in learning, from traditional books to projects to games, or some ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles to develop learning environments that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL proposes not a single, one-size-fits-all solution but rather a set of flexible scaffolds and supports that can meet individual needs. Individual learners are very different from one another and ...Universal Design for Learning Center (OCALI) The Ohio Center for Autism & Low Incidence (OCALI) is a recognized global leader in creating and connecting resources and relationships to ensure that people with disabilities have the opportunity to live their best lives for their whole lives. This site is maintained by Owen McGrath (Research ...Your future begins at UdL. We are a public and quality university, close at the same time as open to the world; a benchmark in teaching, training, research and innovation; committed to development cooperation and sustainability, social justice and equal opportunities, and a leader in scientific and cultural production in multiple areas of ... A Student-Centered Syllabus. Based on cognitive neuroscience research, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a scholastic framework, centers around the awareness that everyone has a unique set of capabilities and short-comings, and that a syllabus is either abled or disabled — not the student. By accepting and anticipating the assortment of ...checkpoint 8.3Foster collaboration and community. Foster collaboration and community. In the 21 st century, all learners must be able to communicate and collaborate effectively within a community of learners. This is easier for some than others, but remains a goal for all learners. The distribution of mentoring through peers can greatly ...Learn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template.About the Book. Whether you’re already familiar with UDL but haven’t had the time to think through implementation strategies or are brand new to UDL, Transform Your Teaching with Universal Design for Learning: Six Steps to Jumpstart Your Practice by Jennifer L. Pusateri will enrich your practice and help you reach more learners. accumulation of experiences and takes time. Collaborating with a partner, as a member of a team of co Dreyfus, H. • Do your materials highlight big ideas, patterns,Jan 26, 2023 · Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Early Childhood Education. Remove barriers and create equal learning opportunities for children using the universal design for learning (UDL) method. brightwheel. Blog. Child development. The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine.Universal Design for learning is a set of principles that provide teachers with a structure to develop instructions to meet the diverse needs of all learners. The UDL framework, first defined by David H. Rose, Ed.D. of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) in the 1990s, [2] calls for ...Feb 1, 2023 · UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment. The goal of UDL is to create learners who are purposeful & motivated, resourceful & knowledgeable, and strategic & goal oriented, in other words, expert learners. With UDL, teachers transition their role to facilitator, removing barriers to learning ... Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching and learning that gives all students equal opportunity to succeed. To understand what UDL is, it helps to understand what it’s not. The word universal may throw you off. It may sound like UDL is about finding one way to teach all students. But UDL actually takes the opposite approach.Right-click on the Desktop or in the folder where you want to create the file. Select New, then survey your options: If available, select Microsoft Data Link. This is not present in all versions of Windows. If Microsoft Data Link was selected, your UDL file is created. If Microsoft Data Link is not available, select Text Document.196 Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 26(3) As de fi ned by the Center for Applied Special Tech-nology (2009), UDL is composed of three principles: (1) multiple means of representation, giving learners To address the remarkable variability among students in today’s diverse learning environments, educators are increasingly turning to Universal Design for Learning (UDL). UDL offers a framework for guiding the design of learning opportunities that are inclusive and challenging for all learners. Universal Design for Learning: Explore helps ...Abstract. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is increasingly gaining currency as an approach towards achieving inclusive education by enabling the provision of flexible instructional strategies from the onset. However, there is need to find ways of navigating the hegemonic neoliberal, capitalist values controlling contemporary public education ... Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Early Childhood Education. Remove barriers and create equal learning opportunities for children using the universal design for learning (UDL) method. brightwheel. Blog. Child development.Sep 8, 2020 · Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework that is based on a scientific understanding of how people learn. The goal of UDL is to design “barrier-free, instructionally rich learning environments and lessons that provide access to all students” (Nelson, 2). The UDL framework helps educators think about and design learning experiences that allow all […] The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine.UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment. The goal of UDL is to create learners who are purposeful & motivated, resourceful & knowledgeable, and strategic & goal oriented, in other words, expert learners. With UDL, teachers transition their role to facilitator, removing barriers to learning ...Universal Design for Learning grew out of the larger Universal Design movement, which was oriented towards Architectural design thinking. Architect Ronald Mace–who in 1987 first coined the term “Universal Design”— challenged the approach of designing for the average user and provided a template for more accessible and usable products and environments for all users, not just those with ...Downloads. The evolution of CAST’s UDL Guidelines has been a dynamic, collaborative, and developmental process. We shared the first version of the Guidelines—Version 1.0—in 2008. Since that time, we have collected and specifically solicited feedback from the field. This feedback, along with the expanding research in the areas of UDL ...Your future begins at UdL. We are a public and quality university, close at the same time as open to the world; a benchmark in teaching, training, research and innovation; committed to development cooperation and sustainability, social justice and equal opportunities, and a leader in scientific and cultural production in multiple areas of ... Universal Design for learning is a set of principles that provide teachers with a structure to develop instructions to meet the diverse needs of all learners. The UDL framework, first defined by David H. Rose, Ed.D. of the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) in the 1990s, [2] calls for ... Universal Design for Learning guides original, interactive curriculum. Under UDL, lessons can be taught verbally or visually or through formal or informal discussions. Students may also work independently, paired, or in small or large groups. Under the UDL framework, technology is also used to teach utilizing SMART boards and cell phones in class. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a way of thinking about teaching and learning that helps give all students an equal opportunity to succeed. This approach offers flexibility in the ways students access material, engage with it and show what they know. Developing lesson plans this way helps all kids, but it may be especially helpful for ...UDL has three main principles: Offer kids information in multiple ways, like text, audio or video, or some combination, to make sure they understand. Let kids show what they know in multiple ways, since kids express themselves differently. Find multiple ways to engage kids in learning, from traditional books to projects to games, or some ...A Student-Centered Syllabus. Based on cognitive neuroscience research, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a scholastic framework, centers around the awareness that everyone has a unique set of capabilities and short-comings, and that a syllabus is either abled or disabled — not the student. By accepting and anticipating the assortment of ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles to develop learning environments that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL proposes not a single, one-size-fits-all solution but rather a set of flexible scaffolds and supports that can meet individual needs. Individual learners are very different from one another and ... principleProvide multiple means of Engagement. Engagement. Affect represents a crucial element to learning, and learners differ markedly in the ways in which they can be engaged or motivated to learn. There are a variety of sources that can influence individual variation in affect including neurology, culture, personal relevance, subjectivity ...Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn, including Students with Disabilities. UDL aims to improve the educational experience of all students by introducing more flexible methods of teaching, assessment and service provision to cater for the ...Embracing the following four beliefs is the first step in designing learning experiences that serve all students. 1. All students can reach the high expectations we set. When we set firm goals for all students, we’re sending the message that we believe they’re capable. We start by clearly identifying the goals we’re focusing on.A Student-Centered Syllabus. Based on cognitive neuroscience research, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a scholastic framework, centers around the awareness that everyone has a unique set of capabilities and short-comings, and that a syllabus is either abled or disabled — not the student. By accepting and anticipating the assortment of ...Jul 6, 2022 · Right-click on the Desktop or in the folder where you want to create the file. Select New, then survey your options: If available, select Microsoft Data Link. This is not present in all versions of Windows. If Microsoft Data Link was selected, your UDL file is created. If Microsoft Data Link is not available, select Text Document. Here are some examples of how you can use UDL in your classroom: 1. Offer Multiple Paths to Learning. One of the simplest ways to implement UDL is to offer multiple pathways to learning. This means providing students with different ways to access and understand the content.Here are just a few examples of how UDL can work in a classroom. 1. Posted lesson goals. Having goals helps students know what they’re working to achieve. That’s why goals are always made apparent in a UDL classroom. One example of this is posting goals for specific lessons in the classroom.To test the connection by using the SQL Server OLE DB provider, follow these steps: Open the .udl file. Select the Provider tab, select the SQL Server OLE DB provider that you use in your application, and then select Next. On the Connection tab, specify the network protocol, the fully qualified domain name (FQDN), and the port number under ...Universal Design for Learning guides original, interactive curriculum. Under UDL, lessons can be taught verbally or visually or through formal or informal discussions. Students may also work independently, paired, or in small or large groups. Under the UDL framework, technology is also used to teach utilizing SMART boards and cell phones in class.Assistive Technology. 5 Examples of Universal Design for Learning in the Classroom. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching aimed at meeting the needs of every student in a classroom. It can be helpful for all kids, including kids with learning and attention issues. But UDL takes careful planning by teachers. accumulation of experiences and takes time. Collaborating with a partner, as a member of a team of co Dreyfus, H. • Do your materials highlight big ideas, patterns,CAST offers many opportunities for educators at all levels—and their organizations—to build their understanding and practice of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), accessibility, and professional development. We also have several long term projects related to educator and instructor professional learning and its impacts on teaching and ...The file with .udl extension is called Microsoft Universal Data Link file; specifying connection attributes; used by Windows apps to establish a connection with the database. The UDL file contains the connection string for an OLE DB data source; with username and password and essential connection string properties. At its core, Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a mindset. It’s a set of beliefs and principles that guide educators in everything they do. Through UDL, educators can encourage success and improve outcomes by focusing on learner variability and creating customizable learning experiences. The UDL approach to teaching minimizes barriers and ... Download the UDL Guidelines. Research Evidence. Learn more about the research evidence used to develop the Guidelines.Oct 30, 2020 · also enable educators to provide mastery-oriented feedback to students, so they are able to continue to make progress in their learning—and become masters of learning itself. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles to develop learning environments that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn. UDL proposes not a single, one-size-fits-all solution but rather a set of flexible scaffolds and supports that can meet individual needs. Individual learners are very different from one another and ... Downloads. The evolution of CAST’s UDL Guidelines has been a dynamic, collaborative, and developmental process. We shared the first version of the Guidelines—Version 1.0—in 2008. Since that time, we have collected and specifically solicited feedback from the field. This feedback, along with the expanding research in the areas of UDL ... Universal Design for Learning Center (OCALI) The Ohio Center for Autism & Low Incidence (OCALI) is a recognized global leader in creating and connecting resources and relationships to ensure that people with disabilities have the opportunity to live their best lives for their whole lives. This site is maintained by Owen McGrath (Research ...UDL is an approach to curriculum design that can help teachers customize curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender, or cultural and linguistic background. UDL provides a blueprint for designing strategies, materials, assessments, and tools to reach and teach students with diverse needs.Jan 26, 2023 · Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Early Childhood Education. Remove barriers and create equal learning opportunities for children using the universal design for learning (UDL) method. brightwheel. Blog. Child development. THE JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION APPRENTICESHIP, 7(3) 4 information is presented, in the ways students respond or demonstrate knowledge and skills, and in the ways Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a set of principles for curriculum development that give all individuals equal opportunities to learn, including Students with Disabilities. UDL aims to improve the educational experience of all students by introducing more flexible methods of teaching, assessment and service provision to cater for the ... Universal Design for Learning grew out of the larger Universal Design movement, which was oriented towards Architectural design thinking. Architect Ronald Mace–who in 1987 first coined the term “Universal Design”— challenged the approach of designing for the average user and provided a template for more accessible and usable products and environments for all users, not just those with ...Universal Design for Learning. Home / Resource Library / Universal Design for Learning. “Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to curriculum design that can help instructors customize curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender, or cultural and linguistic background” – TEAL Center. UDL Resource Roundup. Universal Design for Learning also known as UDL, is an education framework based on decades of research in neuroscience and endorsed by the Every Student Succeeds Act. UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment.Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a people-first design framework that guides the design of learning experiences to proactively meet the needs of each and every ākonga. When we use UDL, we anticipate barriers to learning in the design of the environment, and plan in a range of useful supports, options and tools so each ākonga can select ...The file with .udl extension is called Microsoft Universal Data Link file; specifying connection attributes; used by Windows apps to establish a connection with the database. The UDL file contains the connection string for an OLE DB data source; with username and password and essential connection string properties. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to teaching and learning that gives all students equal opportunity to succeed. To understand what UDL is, it helps to understand what it’s not. The word universal may throw you off. It may sound like UDL is about finding one way to teach all students. But UDL actually takes the opposite approach.Feb 4, 2022 · Embracing the following four beliefs is the first step in designing learning experiences that serve all students. 1. All students can reach the high expectations we set. When we set firm goals for all students, we’re sending the message that we believe they’re capable. We start by clearly identifying the goals we’re focusing on. Jan 22, 2011 · The only thing not working is local connections. Well, there is many possible reason for a connection to work remotely but not locally. The configuration of the firewall is the first one that come to mind; there is also this eternal problem between TCP/IP and any loopback on the same machine. UDL is a set of guiding principles used in designing curriculum and lessons from the earliest stages so that the greatest number of students will be able to learn most effectively and deeply. The design process leads to flexible materials and lessons that can be utilized by all students. Fewer changes need to be made at the time of instruction ...Your future begins at UdL. We are a public and quality university, close at the same time as open to the world; a benchmark in teaching, training, research and innovation; committed to development cooperation and sustainability, social justice and equal opportunities, and a leader in scientific and cultural production in multiple areas of ... Mar 11, 2022 · Katherine Karayianis, School of Social Ecology. As a child growing up with a disability, I often heard the word “universal design” thrown around by my mother at every IEP meeting. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Early Childhood Education. Remove barriers and create equal learning opportunities for children using the universal design for learning (UDL) method. brightwheel. Blog. Child development.Wednesday, February 17, 2016. This past December, Congress passed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which replaces No Child Left Behind. And for the first time, the nation’s general K-12 education law defines and endorses Universal Design for Learning. As CAST’s friends at the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS) point out—.The UDL Guidelines can be used by educators, curriculum developers, researchers, parents, and anyone else who wants to implement the UDL framework in a learning environment. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful ... Universal Design for Learning Guidelines. The UDL Guidelines are a tool used in the implementation of Universal Design for Learning. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities.This publication was prepared with funding from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, TEAL Center Fact Sheet No. 2: Universal Design for Learning 2010

Download the UDL Guidelines. Research Evidence. Learn more about the research evidence used to develop the Guidelines. . Upgrade

udlphbb

The file with .udl extension is called Microsoft Universal Data Link file; specifying connection attributes; used by Windows apps to establish a connection with the database. The UDL file contains the connection string for an OLE DB data source; with username and password and essential connection string properties. UDL Resource Roundup. Universal Design for Learning also known as UDL, is an education framework based on decades of research in neuroscience and endorsed by the Every Student Succeeds Act. UDL is considered best practice for teaching all students in an inclusive learning environment.Oct 18, 2017 · Universal Design for Learning Blog Series: Part 2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn. In 2017, with support from the Davis Educational Foundation, Goodwin College established its first cohort of instructors to re ... Jan 23, 2023 · Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to curriculum and teaching that seeks to minimize barriers and maximize learning for all students (CAST). In practice, taking a UDL approach involves providing students with multiple pathways to connect with the work of the course, encounter course content, and practice and demonstrate their ... Written in a warm, collegial style, this book is filled with helpful signposts along the road to transformation. Your UDL Journey: A Systems Approach to Transforming Instruction is available in both paperback ($39.99, 218 pages, ISBN: 9781930583283) and EPUB ($39.99, ISBN: 9781930583306) format. Table of Contents. About the Book. Whether you’re already familiar with UDL but haven’t had the time to think through implementation strategies or are brand new to UDL, Transform Your Teaching with Universal Design for Learning: Six Steps to Jumpstart Your Practice by Jennifer L. Pusateri will enrich your practice and help you reach more learners. Universal Design for Learning guides original, interactive curriculum. Under UDL, lessons can be taught verbally or visually or through formal or informal discussions. Students may also work independently, paired, or in small or large groups. Under the UDL framework, technology is also used to teach utilizing SMART boards and cell phones in class.Embracing the following four beliefs is the first step in designing learning experiences that serve all students. 1. All students can reach the high expectations we set. When we set firm goals for all students, we’re sending the message that we believe they’re capable. We start by clearly identifying the goals we’re focusing on.Representation. Learners differ in the ways that they perceive and comprehend information that is presented to them. For example, those with sensory disabilities (e.g., blindness or deafness); learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia); language or cultural differences, and so forth may all require different ways of approaching content. 5 . The literature review summarized information from these sources: • Published peer-reviewed research studies on UDL-based interventions • Published articles and reports on UDL implementationLearn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template.Learn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template. Learn more about how Universal Design for Learning (UDL), a framework developed by CAST, can help you design your lessons to meet the needs of all your students. Planning a lesson with UDL includes three stages: Proactive design, implementation of the lesson, and reflection and redesign. Download a step-by-step UDL lesson planning template.Abstract. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is increasingly gaining currency as an approach towards achieving inclusive education by enabling the provision of flexible instructional strategies from the onset. However, there is need to find ways of navigating the hegemonic neoliberal, capitalist values controlling contemporary public education ... .

Popular Topics